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Bullying targeting secondary school students who are or are perceived to be transgender or same-sex attracted: Types, prevalence, impact, motivation and preventive measures in 5 provinces of Thailand

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Bullying targeting secondary school students who are or are perceived to be transgender or same-sex attracted: Types, prevalence, impact, motivation and preventive measures in 5 provinces of Thailand

This 90-page report provides a detailed account of the findings of a study conducted in 30 schools across five provinces in Thailand on the impact of bullying on students who are or are perceived to be LGBT. The study also investigated the educational needs of transgender and same-sex attracted students and the training needs of teachers to help prevent the bullying of LGBT students. The study found that 55.7% of students who self-identified as LGBT had been bullied within the previous month because they were LGBT. Moreover, it was found that students who had been bullied for being LGBT were more likely to miss class, become depressed, have unprotected sex and attempt suicide than students who had not been bullied. Yet none of the schools studied had written policies or prevention measures to address bullying of LGBT students.

The report emphasises the need for increased teacher training on the needs of LGBT students and on bullying prevention. The language used by teachers in the study was found to be stigmatising of LGBT students. The report suggests that teachers need to be supported to understand sexual and gender diversity and to include such knowledge into comprehensive sexuality education that is inclusive of all students. The report offers a series of recommendations for both schools and policy makers to address the challenges faced by LGBT students in schools in Thailand.

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Aravanis: voiceless victims of the tsunami

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Aravanis: voiceless victims of the tsunami

This brief article distills some of the findings around Aravanis’ experiences following the 2008 Indian Ocean Tsunami from Pincha’s longer, original study. This article focuses on the specific discrimination of being ineligible to access emergency services such as ration cards.

The article includes broad recommendations to meet the safe housing, access to citizenship documents, secure livelihoods including training and access to credit, and other gender-sensitive needs assessment mechanisms.

The importance of strong advocacy and lobbying with policy-makers is also discussed, as is the importance of donors specifying funding for Aravanis.

Count me IN!: Research report on violence against disabled, lesbian, and sex-working women in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal

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Count me IN!: Research report on violence against disabled, lesbian, and sex-working women in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal

This article investigates and shares findings on violence experienced by marginalised women–disabled women, lesbian women, and sex-working women–in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The article opens with a brief overview of the research including methodology and justifications, before presenting high-level findings.

The research found that disabled women experience regular and ongoing discrimination from various facets of society in all three country contexts, including neglect, punishment and abuse from spouses or, for unmarried women with a disability, violence from natal family members; lesbian women reported violence across the lifespan, particularly when they openly acknowledged their sexual orientation, as well as high levels of exclusion and outright workplace discrimination; sex-working women reported high levels of ongoing and past violence from sex partners, police, clients, pimps, employers, family members and others in their societies. Service providers across the three countries pointed out that, overall, women who experience violence are generally reluctant to seek care–this is compounded for marginalised women.

The report then provides recommendations and conclusions for each country and generally. In Nepal and India, key recommendations were discussed with policymakers, and a brief section on the feasibility of recommendations follows.

Violence: Through the Lens of Lesbians, Bisexual Women and Trans People in Asia

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Violence: Through the Lens of Lesbians, Bisexual Women and Trans People in Asia

This 248-page research report presents the findings of an extensive five-country study into the lives and experiences of Lesbian, Bi and Trans people in Sri Lanka, Philippines, Pakistan, Malaysia and Japan. The report presents an overview of the findings followed by an in-depth cross-country analysis of experiences of violence, followed by individual country chapters with greater details for each of the five countries.

Research took place between November 2010-March 2012 and was led by women’s human rights groups, sexuality rights groups, and gender rights groups in the five countries. Each country team conducted its own research and data analysis and authored their respective country chapter. The aim of this report was to uncover and shed light on the underreported violence experienced by LBT people in Asia.

Four reasons for underreporting of violence were uncovered: anti-discrimination laws, where they exist, do not extend to LBT people; in cases where the law may be applicable to LBT people, victim/survivors fear reporting because of institutional homo/bi/transphobia; social stigma associated with sexual and gender diversity means LBT people are often left out of broader rights movements; and the ‘relentless pressure of compulsory heterosexuality’ and general GBV/discrimination creates a cycle of self-blame.

The cross-country analysis therefore focuses on cross-cutting legal and social issues and structures that prevent reporting and perpetuate discrimination. The research covers a range of topics including suicide, rates of sexual and physical violence against the LBT community, workplace discrimination, and the correlation between visible sexual and/or gender diversity and rates of violence.

The cross-country analysis section concludes with an overview of findings around closeting of violence, lack of accountability for perpetrators, lack of access to redress for victim/survivors, and the great cost of violence for LBT survivors. Recommendations follow.

Individual country chapters, available for individual download as well, follow. Country chapters cover the specific experiences of LBT people in each context, covering relevant topics such as family, women’s rights, LGBT rights, violence by state and non-state actors, workplace discrimination, and the legal environment. Research in each of these countries was carried out and analysed by local LGBTIQ+ organisations; researchers note that some participants were very wary of participating out of fear of retribution or increased risk of violence from community.

Overall, this report presents a stark but much-needed stock-take on the experiences of LBT people across Asia.

Out of the Margins: An intersectional analysis of disability and diverse sexual orientation, gender identity, expression & sex characteristics in humanitarian and development contexts

Elena Robertson
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Out of the Margins: An intersectional analysis of disability and diverse sexual orientation, gender identity, expression & sex characteristics in humanitarian and development contexts

Created in collaboration between Edge Effect and CBM Australia, this report seeks to answer the following questions:

  1. What are the key areas of intersectionality of disability and people with diverse
    SOGIESC in humanitarian and development contexts, and the issues arising
    from these?
  2. What are the particular barriers and enablers to the inclusion of people with
    disabilities and diverse SOGIESC in humanitarian and development programs?
  3. What principles, practices and strategic opportunities should inform disability and inclusive development policy, planning and programming?

This report presents the findings of a literature review and key informant interviews. Overall, the report finds that for people who are both living with a disability and a member of the diverse SOGIESC community, intersectional marginalisation and vulnerability has far-reaching impacts. The report provides examples from the Pacific and elsewhere, and offers significant recommendations for the sector.

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Evaluation of the project ‘Strengthening Plan International’s Support for LGBTIQ+ Adolescents’

Elena Robertson
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This end of project evaluation conducted by Dr Claire House and Emily Dwyer (both Edge Effect) and commissioned by Plan International. The evaluation took place between October-December 2019, and addressed the following questions:

  1. To what extent were the objectives
    achieved?
  2. What were the major factors that influenced
    the achievement/non-achievement of these
    objectives?
  3. How can Plan International build on
    the lessons learned from this project to
    strengthen how LGBTIQ+ adolescents are
    supported in programming

The evaluation identifies key enabling factors and well as challenges, and makes recommendations for scaling-up and consolidating this inclusion work.

Walking the Talk: Supporting Young LGBTIQ+ People in our COVID-19 Adaptation and Response

Elena Robertson
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Walking the Talk: Supporting Young LGBTIQ+ People in our COVID-19 Adaptation and Response

This topical paper was prepared by Edge Effect for Plan International following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and global response. This paper highlights the ways the LGBTIQ+ youth are particularly impacted by COVID-19, and the ways in which current government response does not meet their unique needs. The paper provides examples from Lebanon, Indonesia and Kenya, and provides specific ‘do and don’t’ examples for inclusion, as well as cluster-specific recommendations for WASH, Health, Child Protection, Education, and including LGBTIQ+ organisations as drivers of change.

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Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Key to building disaster resilience

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Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Key to building disaster resilience

This report highlights the linkages between SRHR and disaster resilience, drawing upon the SDG framework to recommend that DRR must be rights-based and inclusive of SRHR, especially for women and girls. The report does not focus on sexual and gender minorities, and notes that the gap in research on SRHR needs and experiences of sexual and gender minorities in disasters is significant and deserving of immediate attention.

The report makes the following key points: disasters are not natural, but are the result of mismanagement and vulnerabilities; development must be risk-informed; socio-economic and cultural factors augment vulnerabilities for women, girls and marginalised groups (including sexual and gender minorities) in disasters; gender equality cannot be achieved without bodily autonomy; and an inclusive and rights-based approach to DRR is the way forward. The report looks at the ways in which vulnerability, gender, and SRHR are linked, providing useful summaries, resources and diagrams.

The report makes a point of highlighting existing research on the experiences of sexual and gender minorities in disaster, pointing to research on the Aravanis in Tamil Nadu, trans women in Sindh, Pakistan; the marginalisation of the LGBTQI community in Japan after the 2011 earthquake; the contributions of the Waria following the Mt Merapi eruption in Indonesia; and the role of the Bakla in the Philippines.

The report frames SRHR and DRR within the SDG frameworks, demonstrating their connections across these agendas. The report then provides recommendations for actions for integrating SRHR in DRR work, highlighting the importance of bodily autonomy as part of the greater struggle for gender equality. Some of the recommendations include developing capacities of grassroots organisations and women’s movements; providing universal access to SRH; revise DRR laws, plans and policies to ensure that ‘no person is excluded in any phase of disaster management, especially the historically marginalised groups such as sexual minorities’; and more.

Overcoming Problems with Sexual Minority Refugee Claims: is LGBT Cultural Competency Training the Solution?

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Overcoming Problems with Sexual Minority Refugee Claims: is LGBT Cultural Competency Training the Solution?

This academic article argues for the use of LGBT Cultural Competency Training in the refugee determination process to address the challenges faced by asylum seekers of diverse sexual orientation and gender identity.

The article firstly outlines the international legal framework concerning refugee determination as it relates to LGBT people. The author highlights that sexual orientation and gender identity are not listed as specific reasons for fearing persecution under the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or the UN Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. The author then describes in detail the many challenges faced by LGBT asylum seekers, including having to seek protection in “countries of first asylum” that are as hostile to LGBT people as their country of origin.

The article then considers the issue of homophobia and heterosexism among immigration officials and refugee adjudicators. A detailed list of the way in which heterosexism and homophobia may influence refugee claims is provided. The concept of LGBT Cultural Competency Training is then discussed and the three core elements: (1) Awareness and Attitudes, (2) Knowledge and (3) Skills are explained separately. The need to have “competency-appropriate trainers” with distinct skills in each of the three areas is then further explained. The article highlights the relevance of such training for all practitioners involved in the refugee determination system as the whole system must be sensitive to the needs of LGBT applicants. The article, however, concludes that such training has limited efficacy and cannot alone address all the needs of LGBT people in the refugee system.

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